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Note
Object Storage is currently in a closed early access Beta, and you may not have access to Object Storage through the Cloud Manager or other tools. To gain access to the Early Access Program (EAP), open up a Customer Support ticket noting that you’d like to be included in the program, or e-mail [email protected] – beta access is completely free.
Additionally, because Object Storage is in Beta, there may be breaking changes to how you access and manage Object Storage. This guide will be updated to reflect these changes if and when they occur.
Linode’s Object Storage is a globally-available, S3- and Swift-compatible method for storing and accessing data. Object Storage differs from traditional hierarchical data storage (as in a Linode’s disk) and Block Storage Volumes. Under Object Storage, files (also called objects) are stored in flat data structures (referred to as buckets) alongside their own rich metadata.
Additionally, Object Storage does not require the use of a Linode. Instead, Object Storage gives each object a unique URL with which you can access your data. An object can be publicly accessible, or you can set it to be private and only visible to you. This makes Object Storage great for sharing and storing unstructured data like images, documents, archives, streaming media assets, and file backups, and the amount of data you store can range from small collections of files up to massive libraries of information. Lastly, Linode Object Storage has the built-in ability to host a static site.
Below you will find instructions on how to connect to Object Storage, and how to upload and access objects:
First, you’ll need to create a key pair to access the service.
Then, you’ll use choose from a variety of available first-party and third-party tools to access and use the service.
Object Storage Key Pair
The first step towards using Object Storage is to create a pair of keys for the service. This pair is composed of an access key and a secret key:
The access key allows you to access any objects that you set to have private read permissions.
Note
To use your access key when viewing a private object, you first need to generate a signed URL for the object. The signed URL is much like the standard URL for your object, but some extra URL parameters are appended to it, including the access key. Instructions for generating a signed URL can be found for each of the tools outlined in this guide.
Your secret key is used together with your access key to authenticate the various Object Storage tools with your Linode account. You should not share the secret key.
Note
Each Object Storage key pair on your Linode account has complete access to all of the buckets on your account.
Generate a Key Pair
Log in to the Linode Cloud Manager.
Note
Object Storage is not available in the Linode Classic Manager.
Click on the Object Storage link in the sidebar, click the Access Keys tab, and then click the Create an Access Key link.
The Create an Access Key menu will appear.
Enter a label for the key pair. This label will be how you reference your key pair in the Linode Cloud Manager. Then, click Submit.
A window will appear that contains your access key and your secret key. Write these down somewhere secure. The access key will be visible in the Linode Cloud Manager, but you will not be able to retrieve your secret key again once you close the window.
You now have the credentials needed to connect to Linode Object Storage.
There are a number of tools that are available to help manage Linode Object Storage. This guide explains how to install and use the following options:
The Linode Cloud Manager can be used to create buckets (you are currently not able to upload objects to a bucket from the Cloud Manager).
s3cmd is a powerful command line utility that can be used with any S3-compatible object storage service, including Linode’s. s3cmd can be used to create and remove buckets, add and remove objects, convert a bucket into a static site from the command line, plus other functions like syncing entire directories up to a bucket.
Cyberduck is a graphical utility available for Windows and macOS and is a great option if you prefer a GUI tool.
Cloud Manager
Create a Bucket
The Cloud Manager provides a web interface for creating buckets. To create a bucket:
If you have not already, log in the Linode Cloud Manager.
Click on the Object Storage link in the sidebar, and then click on Add a Bucket.
The Create a Bucket menu will appear.
Add a label for your bucket. A bucket’s label needs to be unique within the cluster that it lives in, and this includes buckets of the same name on different Linode accounts. If the label you enter is already in use, you will have to choose a different label.
Choose a cluster location for the bucket to reside in.
Click Submit. You are now ready to upload objects to your bucket using one of the other tools outlined in this guide.
s3cmd
s3cmd is a command line utility that you can use for any S3-compatible Object Storage.
Install and Configure s3cmd
s3cmd can be downloaded using
apt
on Debian and Ubuntu, and Homebrew on macOS. To download s3cmd using Homebrew, run the following command:brew install s3cmd
Note
On macOS, s3cmd might fail to install if you do not have XCode command line tools installed. If that is the case, run the following command:
xcode-select --install
You will be prompted to agree to the terms and conditions.
To install s3cmd on Debian or Ubuntu, run the following command:
apt install s3cmd
Once s3cmd has been installed, you will need to configure it:
s3cmd --configure
You will be presented with a number of questions. To accept the default answer that appears within the brackets, press enter. Here is an example of the answers you will need to provide:
Access Key: 4TQ5CJGZS92LLEQHLXB3 Secret Key: enteryoursecretkeyhere Default Region: US S3 Endpoint: us-east-1.linodeobjects.com DNS-style bucket+hostname:port template for accessing a bucket: us-east-1.linodeobjects.com Encryption password: YOUR_GPG_KEY Path to GPG program: /usr/local/bin/gpg Use HTTPS protocol: False HTTP Proxy server name: HTTP Proxy server port: 0
Note
It is not necessary to supply a GPG key when configuring s3cmd, though it will allow you to store and retrieve encrypted files. If you do not wish to configure GPG encryption, you can leave the
Encryption password
andPath to GPG program
fields blank.When you are done, enter
Y
to save your configuration.Note
s3cmd offers a number of additional configuration options that are not presented as prompts by the
s3cmd --configure
command. One of those options iswebsite_endpoint
, which instructs s3cmd on how to construct an appropriate URL for a bucket that is hosting a static site, similar to theS3 Endpoint
in the above configuration. This step is optional, but will ensure that any commands that contain your static site’s URL will output the right text. To edit this configuration file, open the~/s3.cfg
file on your local computer:nano ~/.s3cfg
Scroll down until you find the
website_endpoint
, then add the following value:http://%(bucket)s.website-us-east-1.linodeobjects.com/
You are now ready to use s3cmd to create a bucket in Object Storage.
Create a Bucket with s3cmd
You can create a bucket with s3cmd issuing the following mb
command, replacing my-example-bucket
with the name of the bucket you would like to create. Bucket names need to be unique within the same cluster, including buckets on other Linode accounts. If you choose a name for your bucket that someone else has already created, you will have to choose a different name:
s3cmd mb s3://my-example-bucket
To remove a bucket, you can use the rb
command:
s3cmd rb s3://my-example-bucket
Caution
To delete a bucket that has files in it, include the
--recursive
(or-r
) option and the--force
(or-f
) option. Use caution when using this command:s3cmd rb -r -f s3://my-example-bucket/
Upload, Download, and Delete an Object with s3cmd
As an example object, create a text file and fill it with some example text.
echo 'Hello World!' > example.txt
Now, transfer the text file object to your bucket using s3cmd’s
put
command, replacingmy-example-bucket
with the label of the bucket you gave in the last section:s3cmd put example.txt s3://my-example-bucket -P
Note
The
-P
flag at the end of the command instructs s3cmd to make the object public. To make the object private, which means you will only be able to access it from a tool such as s3cmd, simply leave the ‘-P’ flag out of the command.Note
If you chose to enable encryption when configuring s3cmd, you can store encrypted objects by supplying the
-e
flag:s3cmd put -e encrypted_example.txt s3://my-example-bucket
The object will be uploaded to your bucket, and s3cmd will provide a public URL for the object:
upload: 'example.txt' -> 's3://my-example-bucket/example.txt' [1 of 1] 13 of 13 100% in 0s 485.49 B/s done Public URL of the object is: http://us-east-1.linodeobjects.com/my-example-bucket/example.txt
Note
The URL for the object that s3cmd provides is one of two valid ways to access your object. The first, which s3cmd provides, places the name of your bucket after the domain name. You can also access your object by affixing your bucket name as a subdomain:
http://my-example-bucket.us-east-1.linodeobjects.com/example.txt
. The latter URL is generally favored.To retrieve a file, issue the
get
command:s3cmd get s3://my-example-bucket/example.txt
If the file you are attempting to retrieve is encrypted, you can retrieve it using the
-e
flag:s3cmd get -e s3://my-example-bucket/encrypted_example.txt
To delete a file, you can issue the
rm
command:s3cmd rm s3://my-example-bucket/example.txt
Caution
To delete all files in a bucket, include the
--recursive
(or-r
) option and the--force
(or-f
) option. Use caution when using this command:s3cmd rm -r -f s3://my-example-bucket/
To list all available buckets, issue the
ls
command:s3cmd ls
To list all objects in a bucket, issue the
ls
command and supply a bucket:s3cmd ls s3://my-example-bucket
Create a Static Site with s3cmd
You can also create a static website using Object Storage and s3cmd:
To create a website from a bucket, issue the
ws-create
command:s3cmd ws-create --ws-index=index.html --ws-error=404.html s3://my-example-bucket
The
--ws-index
and--ws-error
flags specify which objects the bucket should use to serve the static site’s index page and error page, respectively.You will need to separately upload the
index.html
and404.html
files (or however you have named the index and error pages) to your bucket:echo 'Index page' > index.html echo 'Error page' > 404.html s3cmd put index.html 404.html s3://my-example-bucket
Your static site is accessed from a different URL than the generic URL for your Object Storage bucket. Static sites are available at the
website-us-east-1
subdomain. Usingmy-example-bucket
as an example, you would navigate tohttp://my-example-bucket.website-us-east-1.linodeobjects.com
.
For more information on hosting a static website with Object Storage, read our Host a Static Site using Linode Object Storage guide.
Other s3cmd Commands
To upload an entire directory of files, you can use the the sync
command, which will automatically sync all new or changed files. Navigate to the directory you would like to sync, then enter the following:
s3cmd sync . s3://my-example-bucket -P
This can be useful for uploading the contents of a static site to your bucket.
Note
The period in the above command instructs s3cmd to upload the current directory. If you do not want to first navigate to the directory you wish to upload, you can supply a path to the directory instead of the period.
Cyberduck
Cyberduck is a desktop application that facilitates file transfer over FTP, SFTP, and a number of other protocols, including S3.
Install and Configure Cyberduck
Download Cyberduck by visiting their website.
Once you have Cyberduck installed, open the program and click on Open Connection.
At the top of the Open Connection dialog, select Amazon S3 from the dropdown menu.
For the Server address, enter
us-east-1.linodeobjects.com
.Enter your access key in the Access Key ID field, and your secret key in the Secret Access Key field.
Click Connect.
You are now ready to create a bucket in Object Storage.
Create a Bucket with Cyberduck
To create a bucket in Cyberduck:
Right click within the window frame, or click Action, then click New Folder:
Enter your bucket’s name and then click Create. Bucket names need to be unique within the same cluster, including buckets on other Linode accounts. If the name of your bucket is already in use, you will have to choose a different name.
To delete the bucket using Cyberduck, right click on the bucket and select Delete.
Upload, Download, and Delete an Object with Cyberduck
To upload objects with Cyberduck, you can simply drag and drop the object, or directory of objects, to the bucket you’d like to upload them to, and Cyberduck will do the rest. Alternatively, you can click on the Action button and select Upload from the menu:
To make your objects publicly accessible, meaning that you can access them from the object’s URL, you need to set the proper READ permissions. Right click on the object and select Info.
Click on the Permissions tab.
Click the gear icon at the bottom of the window and select Everyone.
A new entry for Everyone will appear in the Access Control List. Next to Everyone, under Permissions column heading, select READ from the drop down menu.
Your object is now accessible via the internet, at the URL
http://my-example-bucket.us-east-1.linodeobjects.com/example.txt
, wheremy-example-bucket
is the name of your bucket, andexample.txt
is the name of your object.To download an object, right click on the object and select Download, or click Download As if you’d like to specify the location of the download.
To delete an object, right click the object name and select Delete.
Create a Static Site with Cyberduck
To create a static site from your bucket:
Select a bucket, then right click on that bucket or select the Action button at the top of the menu.
Click on Info, and then select the Distribution (CDN) tab.
Check the box that reads Enable Website Configuration (HTTP) Distribution:
You will need to separately upload the
index.html
and404.html
files (or however you have named the index and error pages) to your bucket. Follow the instructions from the Upload, Download, and Delete an Object with Cyberduck section to upload these files.Your static site is accessed from a different URL than the generic URL for your Object Storage bucket. Static sites are available at the
website-us-east-1
subdomain. Usingmy-example-bucket
as an example, you would navigate tohttp://my-example-bucket.website-us-east-1.linodeobjects.com
.For more information on hosting a static website with Object Storage, read our Host a Static Site using Linode Object Storage guide.
Next Steps
There are S3 bindings available for a number of programming languages, including the popular Boto library for Python, that allow you to interact with Object Storage programmatically.
More Information
You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.
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