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      How To Install the Apache Web Server on Ubuntu 20.04 [Quickstart]


      Introduction

      The Apache HTTP server is the most widely-used web server in the world. It provides many powerful features, including dynamically loadable modules, robust media support, and extensive integration with other popular software.

      In this guide, we’ll explain how to install an Apache web server on your Ubuntu 20.04 server. For a more detailed version of this tutorial, please refer to How To Install the Apache Web Server on Ubuntu 20.04.

      Prerequisites

      Before you begin this guide, you should have the following:

      • An Ubuntu 20.04 server and a regular, non-root user with sudo privileges. Additionally, you will need to enable a basic firewall to block non-essential ports. You can learn how to configure a regular user account and set up a firewall for your server by following our Initial Server Setup for Ubuntu 20.04 guide.

      When you have an account available, log in as your non-root user to begin.

      Step 1 — Installing Apache

      Apache is available within Ubuntu’s default software repositories, so you can install it using conventional package management tools.

      Update your local package index:

      Install the apache2 package:

      Step 2 — Adjusting the Firewall

      Check the available ufw application profiles:

      Output

      Available applications: Apache Apache Full Apache Secure OpenSSH

      Let’s enable the most restrictive profile that will still allow the traffic you’ve configured, permitting traffic on port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic):

      Verify the change:

      Output

      Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere Apache ALLOW Anywhere OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) Apache (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)

      Step 3 — Checking your Web Server

      Check with the systemd init system to make sure the service is running by typing:

      • sudo systemctl status apache2

      Output

      apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor prese> Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-04-28 23:06:40 UTC; 56s ago Docs: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ Main PID: 13785 (apache2) Tasks: 55 (limit: 1137) Memory: 5.3M CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service ├─13785 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start ├─13787 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start └─13788 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start

      Access the default Apache landing page to confirm that the software is running properly through your IP address:

      http://your_server_ip
      

      You should receive the default Ubuntu 20.04 Apache web page:

      Apache default page

      When using the Apache web server, you can use virtual hosts (similar to server blocks in Nginx) to encapsulate configuration details and host more than one domain from a single server. We will set up a domain called your_domain, but you should replace this with your own domain name. To learn more about setting up a domain name with DigitalOcean, please refer to our our Introduction to DigitalOcean DNS.

      Create the directory for your_domain:

      sudo mkdir /var/www/your_domain
      

      Assign ownership of the directory:

      • sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain

      The permissions of your web roots should be correct if you haven’t modified your unmask value, but you can make sure by typing:

      • sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/your_domain

      Create a sample index.html page using nano or your favorite editor:

      • nano /var/www/your_domain/index.html

      Inside, add the following sample HTML:

      /var/www/your_domain/index.html

      <html>
          <head>
              <title>Welcome to Your_domain!</title>
          </head>
          <body>
              <h1>Success!  The your_domain virtual host is working!</h1>
          </body>
      </html>
      

      Save and close the file when you are finished.

      Make a new virtual host file at /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf:

      • sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf

      Paste in the following configuration block, updated for our new directory and domain name:

      /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf

      <VirtualHost *:80>
          ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
          ServerName your_domain
          ServerAlias your_domain
          DocumentRoot /var/www/your_domain
          ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
          CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
      </VirtualHost>
      

      Save and close the file when you are finished.

      Enable the file with a2ensite:

      • sudo a2ensite your_domain.conf

      Disable the default site defined in 000-default.conf:

      • sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf

      Test for configuration errors:

      • sudo apache2ctl configtest

      You should receive the following output:

      Output

      Syntax OK

      Restart Apache to implement your changes:

      • sudo systemctl restart apache2

      Apache should now be serving your domain name. You can test this by navigating to http://your_domain, where you should receive something like this:

      Apache virtual host example

      Conclusion

      Now that you have your web server installed, you have many options for the type of content to serve and the technologies you want to use to create a richer experience.

      If you’d like to build out a more complete application stack, check out this article on How to configure a LAMP stack on Ubuntu 20.04.



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      How To Install the Apache Web Server on Ubuntu 20.04


      Introduction

      The Apache HTTP server is the most widely-used web server in the world. It provides many powerful features including dynamically loadable modules, robust media support, and extensive integration with other popular software.

      In this guide, we’ll explain how to install an Apache web server on your Ubuntu 20.04 server.

      Prerequisites

      Before you begin this guide, you should have a regular, non-root user with sudo privileges configured on your server. Additionally, you will need to enable a basic firewall to block non-essential ports. You can learn how to configure a regular user account and set up a firewall for your server by following our Initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04.

      When you have an account available, log in as your non-root user to begin.

      Step 1 — Installing Apache

      Apache is available within Ubuntu’s default software repositories, making it possible to install it using conventional package management tools.

      Let’s begin by updating the local package index to reflect the latest upstream changes:

      Then, install the apache2 package:

      After confirming the installation, apt will install Apache and all required dependencies.

      Step 2 — Adjusting the Firewall

      Before testing Apache, it’s necessary to modify the firewall settings to allow outside access to the default web ports. Assuming that you followed the instructions in the prerequisites, you should have a UFW firewall configured to restrict access to your server.

      During installation, Apache registers itself with UFW to provide a few application profiles that can be used to enable or disable access to Apache through the firewall.

      List the ufw application profiles by typing:

      You will receive a list of the application profiles:

      Output

      Available applications: Apache Apache Full Apache Secure OpenSSH

      As indicated by the output, there are three profiles available for Apache:

      • Apache: This profile opens only port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic)
      • Apache Full: This profile opens both port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic) and port 443 (TLS/SSL encrypted traffic)
      • Apache Secure: This profile opens only port 443 (TLS/SSL encrypted traffic)

      It is recommended that you enable the most restrictive profile that will still allow the traffic you’ve configured. Since we haven’t configured SSL for our server yet in this guide, we will only need to allow traffic on port 80:

      You can verify the change by typing:

      The output will provide a list of allowed HTTP traffic:

      Output

      Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere Apache ALLOW Anywhere OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) Apache (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)

      As indicated by the output, the profile has been activated to allow access to the Apache web server.

      Step 3 — Checking your Web Server

      At the end of the installation process, Ubuntu 20.04 starts Apache. The web server should already be up and running.

      Check with the systemd init system to make sure the service is running by typing:

      • sudo systemctl status apache2

      Output

      ● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Thu 2020-04-23 22:36:30 UTC; 20h ago Docs: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ Main PID: 29435 (apache2) Tasks: 55 (limit: 1137) Memory: 8.0M CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service ├─29435 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start ├─29437 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start └─29438 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start

      As confirmed by this output, the service has started successfully. However, the best way to test this is to request a page from Apache.

      You can access the default Apache landing page to confirm that the software is running properly through your IP address. If you do not know your server’s IP address, you can get it a few different ways from the command line.

      Try typing this at your server’s command prompt:

      You will get back a few addresses separated by spaces. You can try each in your web browser to determine if they work.

      Another option is to use the Icanhazip tool, which should give you your public IP address as read from another location on the internet:

      When you have your server’s IP address, enter it into your browser’s address bar:

      http://your_server_ip
      

      You should see the default Ubuntu 20.04 Apache web page:

      Apache default page

      This page indicates that Apache is working correctly. It also includes some basic information about important Apache files and directory locations.

      Step 4 — Managing the Apache Process

      Now that you have your web server up and running, let’s go over some basic management commands using systemctl.

      To stop your web server, type:

      • sudo systemctl stop apache2

      To start the web server when it is stopped, type:

      • sudo systemctl start apache2

      To stop and then start the service again, type:

      • sudo systemctl restart apache2

      If you are simply making configuration changes, Apache can often reload without dropping connections. To do this, use this command:

      • sudo systemctl reload apache2

      By default, Apache is configured to start automatically when the server boots. If this is not what you want, disable this behavior by typing:

      • sudo systemctl disable apache2

      To re-enable the service to start up at boot, type:

      • sudo systemctl enable apache2

      Apache should now start automatically when the server boots again.

      When using the Apache web server, you can use virtual hosts (similar to server blocks in Nginx) to encapsulate configuration details and host more than one domain from a single server. We will set up a domain called your_domain, but you should replace this with your own domain name. If you are setting up a domain name with DigitalOcean, please refer to our Networking Documentation.

      Apache on Ubuntu 20.04 has one server block enabled by default that is configured to serve documents from the /var/www/html directory. While this works well for a single site, it can become unwieldy if you are hosting multiple sites. Instead of modifying /var/www/html, let’s create a directory structure within /var/www for a your_domain site, leaving /var/www/html in place as the default directory to be served if a client request doesn’t match any other sites.

      Create the directory for your_domain as follows:

      • sudo mkdir /var/www/your_domain

      Next, assign ownership of the directory with the $USER environment variable:

      • sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain

      The permissions of your web roots should be correct if you haven’t modified your umask value, which sets default file permissions. To ensure that your permissions are correct and allow the owner to read, write, and execute the files while granting only read and execute permissions to groups and others, you can input the following command:

      • sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/your_domain

      Next, create a sample index.html page using nano or your favorite editor:

      • sudo nano /var/www/your_domain/index.html

      Inside, add the following sample HTML:

      /var/www/your_domain/index.html

      <html>
          <head>
              <title>Welcome to Your_domain!</title>
          </head>
          <body>
              <h1>Success!  The your_domain virtual host is working!</h1>
          </body>
      </html>
      

      Save and close the file when you are finished.

      In order for Apache to serve this content, it’s necessary to create a virtual host file with the correct directives. Instead of modifying the default configuration file located at /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf directly, let’s make a new one at /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf:

      • sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf

      Paste in the following configuration block, which is similar to the default, but updated for our new directory and domain name:

      /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf

      <VirtualHost *:80>
          ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
          ServerName your_domain
          ServerAlias www.your_domain
          DocumentRoot /var/www/your_domain
          ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
          CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
      </VirtualHost>
      

      Notice that we’ve updated the DocumentRoot to our new directory and ServerAdmin to an email that the your_domain site administrator can access. We’ve also added two directives: ServerName, which establishes the base domain that should match for this virtual host definition, and ServerAlias, which defines further names that should match as if they were the base name.

      Save and close the file when you are finished.

      Let’s enable the file with the a2ensite tool:

      • sudo a2ensite your_domain.conf

      Disable the default site defined in 000-default.conf:

      • sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf

      Next, let’s test for configuration errors:

      • sudo apache2ctl configtest

      You should receive the following output:

      Output

      Syntax OK

      Restart Apache to implement your changes:

      • sudo systemctl restart apache2

      Apache should now be serving your domain name. You can test this by navigating to http://your_domain, where you should see something like this:

      Apache virtual host example

      Step 6 – Getting Familiar with Important Apache Files and Directories

      Now that you know how to manage the Apache service itself, you should take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with a few important directories and files.

      Content

      • /var/www/html: The actual web content, which by default only consists of the default Apache page you saw earlier, is served out of the /var/www/html directory. This can be changed by altering Apache configuration files.

      Server Configuration

      • /etc/apache2: The Apache configuration directory. All of the Apache configuration files reside here.
      • /etc/apache2/apache2.conf: The main Apache configuration file. This can be modified to make changes to the Apache global configuration. This file is responsible for loading many of the other files in the configuration directory.
      • /etc/apache2/ports.conf: This file specifies the ports that Apache will listen on. By default, Apache listens on port 80 and additionally listens on port 443 when a module providing SSL capabilities is enabled.
      • /etc/apache2/sites-available/: The directory where per-site virtual hosts can be stored. Apache will not use the configuration files found in this directory unless they are linked to the sites-enabled directory. Typically, all server block configuration is done in this directory, and then enabled by linking to the other directory with the a2ensite command.
      • /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/: The directory where enabled per-site virtual hosts are stored. Typically, these are created by linking to configuration files found in the sites-available directory with the a2ensite. Apache reads the configuration files and links found in this directory when it starts or reloads to compile a complete configuration.
      • /etc/apache2/conf-available/, /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/: These directories have the same relationship as the sites-available and sites-enabled directories, but are used to store configuration fragments that do not belong in a virtual host. Files in the conf-available directory can be enabled with the a2enconf command and disabled with the a2disconf command.
      • /etc/apache2/mods-available/, /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/: These directories contain the available and enabled modules, respectively. Files ending in .load contain fragments to load specific modules, while files ending in .conf contain the configuration for those modules. Modules can be enabled and disabled using the a2enmod and a2dismod command.

      Server Logs

      • /var/log/apache2/access.log: By default, every request to your web server is recorded in this log file unless Apache is configured to do otherwise.
      • /var/log/apache2/error.log: By default, all errors are recorded in this file. The LogLevel directive in the Apache configuration specifies how much detail the error logs will contain.

      Conclusion

      Now that you have your web server installed, you have many options for the type of content you can serve and the technologies you can use to create a richer experience.

      If you’d like to build out a more complete application stack, you can read this article on how to configure a LAMP stack on Ubuntu 20.04



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      How To Install Python 3 and Set Up a Programming Environment on Ubuntu 20.04 [Quickstart]


      Introduction

      Python is a flexible and versatile programming language, with strengths in scripting, automation, data analysis, machine learning, and back-end development.

      This tutorial will walk you through installing Python and setting up a programming environment on an Ubuntu 20.04 server. For a more detailed version of this tutorial, with more thorough explanations of each step, please refer to How To Install Python 3 and Set Up a Programming Environment on an Ubuntu 20.04 Server.

      Step 1 — Update and Upgrade

      Logged into your Ubuntu 20.04 server as a sudo non-root user, first update and upgrade your system to ensure that your shipped version of Python 3 is up-to-date.

      • sudo apt update
      • sudo apt -y upgrade

      Confirm installation if prompted to do so.

      Step 2 — Check Version of Python

      Check which version of Python 3 is installed by typing:

      You’ll receive output similar to the following, depending on when you have updated your system.

      Output

      Python 3.8.2

      Step 3 — Install pip

      To manage software packages for Python, install pip, a tool that will help you manage libraries or modules to use in your projects.

      • sudo apt install -y python3-pip

      Python packages can be installed by typing:

      • pip3 install package_name

      Here, package_name can refer to any Python package or library, such as Django for web development or NumPy for scientific computing. So if you would like to install NumPy, you can do so with the command pip3 install numpy.

      There are a few more packages and development tools to install to ensure that we have a robust set-up for our programming environment:

      • sudo apt install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-dev

      Step 5 — Install venv

      Virtual environments enable you to have an isolated space on your server for Python projects. We’ll use venv, part of the standard Python 3 library, which we can install by typing:

      • sudo apt install -y python3-venv

      Step 6 — Create a Virtual Environment

      You can create a new environment with the pyvenv command. Here, we’ll call our new environment my_env, but you should call yours something meaningful to your project.

      Step 7 — Activate Virtual Environment

      Activate the environment using the command below, where my_env is the name of your programming environment.

      • source my_env/bin/activate

      Your command prompt will now be prefixed with the name of your environment:

      Step 8 — Test Virtual Environment

      Open the Python interpreter:

      Note that within the Python 3 virtual environment, you can use the command python instead of python3, and pip instead of pip3.

      You’ll know you’re in the interpreter when you receive the following output:

      Python 3.8.2 (default, Mar 13 2020, 10:14:16) 
      [GCC 9.3.0] on linux
      Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
      >>>
      

      Now, use the print() function to create the traditional Hello, World program:

      Output

      Hello, World!

      Step 9 — Deactivate Virtual Environment

      Quit the Python interpreter:

      Then exit the virtual environment:

      Further Reading

      From here, there is a lot you can learn about Python, here are some links related to this guide:



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