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      How To Install and Use the Yarn Package Manager for Node.js


      Introduction

      Yarn is a package manager for Node.js that focuses on speed, security, and consistency. It was originally created to address some issues with the popular NPM package manager. Though the two package managers have since converged in terms of performance and features, Yarn remains popular, especially in the world of React development.

      Some of the unique features of Yarn are:

      • A per-project caching mechanism, that can greatly speed up subsequent installs and builds
      • Consistent, deterministic installs that guarantee the structure of installed libraries are always the same
      • Checksum testing of all packages to verify their integrity
      • “Workspaces”, which facilitate using Yarn in a monorepo (multiple projects developed in a single source code repository)

      In this tutorial you will install Yarn globally, add Yarn to a specific project, and learn some basic Yarn commands.

      Prerequisites

      Before installing and using the Yarn package manager, you will need to have Node.js installed. To see if you already have Node.js installed, type the following command into your local command line terminal:

      If you see a version number, such as v12.16.3 printed, you have Node.js installed. If you get a command not found error (or similar phrasing), please install Node.js before continuing.

      To install Node.js, follow our tutorial for Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, or macOS.

      Once you have Node.js installed, proceed to Step 1 to install the Yarn package manager.

      Step 1 — Installing Yarn Globally

      Yarn has a unique way of installing and running itself in your JavaScript projects. First you install the yarn command globally, then you use the global yarn command to install a specific local version of Yarn into your project directory. This is necessary to ensure that everybody working on a project (and all of the project’s automated testing and deployment tooling) is running the exact same version of yarn, to avoid inconsistent behaviors and results.

      The Yarn maintainers recommend installing Yarn globally by using the NPM package manager, which is included by default with all Node.js installations. Use the -g flag with npm install to do this:

      After the package installs, have the yarn command print its own version number. This will let you verify it was installed properly:

      Output

      1.22.11

      Now that you have the yarn command installed globally, you can use it to install Yarn into a specific JavaScript project.

      Step 2 — Installing Yarn in Your Project

      If you are using Yarn to work with an existing Yarn-based project, you can skip this step. The project should already be set up with a local version of Yarn and all the configuration files necessary to use it.

      If you are setting up a new project of your own, you’ll want to configure a project-specific version of Yarn now.

      First, navigate to your project directory:

      If you don’t have a project directory, you can make a new one with mkdir and then move into it:

      • mkdir my-project
      • cd my-project

      Now use the yarn set command to set the version to berry:

      This will download the current, actively developed version of Yarn – berry – save it to a .yarn/releases/ directory in your project, and set up a .yarnrc.yml configuration file as well:

      Output

      Resolving berry to a url... Downloading https://github.com/yarnpkg/berry/raw/master/packages/berry-cli/bin/berry.js... Saving it into /home/sammy/my-project/.yarn/releases/yarn-berry.cjs... Updating /home/sammy/my-project/.yarnrc.yml... Done!

      Now try the yarn --version command again:

      Output

      3.0.0

      You’ll see the version is 3.0.0 or higher. This is the latest release of Yarn.

      Note: if you cd out of your project directory and run yarn --version again, you’ll once again get the global Yarn’s version number, 1.22.11 in this case. Every time you run yarn, you are using the globally installed version of the command. The global yarn command first checks to see if it’s in a Yarn project directory with a .yarnrc.yml file, and if it is, it hands the command off to the project-specific version of Yarn configured in the project’s yarnPath setting.

      Your project is now set up with a project-specific version of Yarn. Next we’ll look at a few commonly used yarn commands to get started with.

      Using Yarn

      Yarn has many subcommands, but you only need a few to get started. Let’s look at the first subcommands you’ll want to use.

      Getting Help

      When starting out with any new tool, it’s useful to learn how to access its online help. In Yarn the --help flag can be added to any command to get more information:

      This will print out overall help for the yarn command. To get more specific information about a subcommand, add --help after the subcommand:

      This would print out details on how to use the yarn install command.

      Starting a New Yarn Project

      If you’re starting a project from scratch, use the init subcommand to create the Yarn-specific files you’ll need:

      This will add a package.json configuration file and a yarn.lock file to your directory. The package.json contains configuration and your list of module dependencies. The yarn.lock file locks those dependencies to specific versions, making sure that the dependency tree is always consistent.

      Installing all of a Project’s Dependencies

      To download and install all the dependencies in an existing Yarn-based project, use the install subcommand:

      This will download and install the modules you need to get started.

      Adding a New Dependency to a Project

      Use the add subcommand to add new dependencies to a project:

      This will download the module, install it, and update your package.json and yarn.lock files.

      Updating Your .gitignore File for Yarn

      Yarn stores files in a .yarn folder inside your project directory. Some of these files should be checked into version control and others should be ignored. The basic .gitignore configuration for Yarn follows:

      .gitignore

      .yarn/*
      !.yarn/patches
      !.yarn/releases
      !.yarn/plugins
      !.yarn/sdks
      !.yarn/versions
      .pnp.*
      

      This ignores the entire .yarn directory, and then adds in some exceptions for important folders, including the releases directory which contains your project-specific version of Yarn.

      For more details on how to configure Git and Yarn, please refer to the official Yarn documentation on .gitignore.

      Conclusion

      In this tutorial you installed Yarn and learned about a few yarn subcommands. For more information on using Yarn, take a look at the official Yarn CLI documentation.

      For more general Node.js and JavaScript help, please visit our Node.js and JavaScript tag pages, where you’ll find relevant tutorials, tech talks, and community Q&A.



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      How To Install Software on Kubernetes Clusters with the Helm 3 Package Manager


      Introduction

      Helm is a package manager for Kubernetes that allows developers and operators to more easily configure and deploy applications on Kubernetes clusters.

      In this tutorial, you will set up Helm 3 and use it to install, reconfigure, rollback, and delete an instance of the Kubernetes Dashboard application. The dashboard is an official web-based Kubernetes GUI.

      For a conceptual overview of Helm and its packaging ecosystem, please read our article, An Introduction to Helm.

      Prerequisites

      For this tutorial you will need:

      • A Kubernetes cluster with role-based access control (RBAC) enabled. Helm 3.1 supports clusters from versions 1.14 to 1.17. For further information check the Helm releases page.
      • The kubectl command-line tool installed on your local machine, configured to connect to your cluster. You can read more about installing kubectl in the official documentation.

        You can test your connectivity with the following command:

        If you see no errors, you’re connected to the cluster. If you access multiple clusters with kubectl, be sure to verify that you’ve selected the correct cluster context:

        • kubectl config get-contexts

        Output

        CURRENT NAME CLUSTER AUTHINFO NAMESPACE * do-fra1-helm3-example do-fra1-helm3-example do-fra1-helm3-example-admin

        In this example the asterisk (*) indicates that we are connected to the do-fra1-helm3-example cluster. To switch clusters run:

        • kubectl config use-context context-name

      When you are connected to the correct cluster, continue to Step 1 to begin installing Helm.

      Step 1 — Installing Helm

      First, you’ll install the helm command-line utility on your local machine. Helm provides a script that handles the installation process on MacOS, Windows, or Linux.

      Change to a writable directory and download the script from Helm’s GitHub repository:

      • cd /tmp
      • curl -fsSL -o get_helm.sh https://raw.githubusercontent.com/helm/helm/master/scripts/get-helm-3

      Make the script executable with chmod:

      You can use your favorite text editor to open the script and inspect it to make sure it’s safe. When you are satisfied, run it:

      You may be prompted for your password. Provide it and press ENTER to continue.

      The output will look like this:

      Output

      Downloading https://get.helm.sh/helm-v3.1.2-linux-amd64.tar.gz Preparing to install helm into /usr/local/bin helm installed into /usr/local/bin/helm

      Now that you’ve got Helm installed, you’re ready to use Helm to install your first chart.

      Step 2 — Installing a Helm Chart

      Helm software packages are called charts. There is a curated chart repository called stable, mostly consisting of common charts, which you can see in their GitHub repo. Helm does not come preconfigured for it, so you’ll need to manually add it. Then, as an example, you are going to install the Kubernetes Dashboard.

      Add the stable repo by running:

      • helm repo add stable https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com

      The output will be:

      Output

      "stable" has been added to your repositories

      Then, use helm to install the kubernetes-dashboard package from the stable repo:

      • helm install dashboard-demo stable/kubernetes-dashboard --set rbac.clusterAdminRole=true

      The --set parameter lets you to customize chart variables, which the chart exposes to allow you to customize its configuration. Here, you set the rbac.clusterAdminRole variable to true to grant the Kubernetes Dashboard access to your whole cluster.

      The output will look like:

      Output

      NAME: dashboard-demo LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Mar 31 15:04:19 2020 NAMESPACE: default STATUS: deployed REVISION: 1 TEST SUITE: None NOTES: ...

      Notice the NAME line, highlighted in the above example output. In this case, you specified the name dashboard-demo. This is the name of the release. A Helm release is a single deployment of one chart with a specific configuration. You can deploy multiple releases of the same chart, each with its own configuration.

      You can list all the releases in the cluster:

      The output will be similar to this:

      Output

      NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION dashboard-demo default 1 2020-03-31 15:04:19.324774799 +0000 UTC deployed kubernetes-dashboard-1.10.1 1.10.1

      You can now use kubectl to verify that a new service has been deployed on the cluster:

      The output will look like this:

      Output

      NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE dashboard-demo-kubernetes-dashboard ClusterIP 10.245.115.214 <none> 443/TCP 4m44s kubernetes ClusterIP 10.245.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 19m

      Notice that by default, the service name corresponding to the release is a combination of the Helm release name and the chart name.

      Now that you’ve deployed the application, you’ll use Helm to change its configuration and update the deployment.

      Step 3 — Updating a Release

      The helm upgrade command can be used to upgrade a release with a new or updated chart, or update its configuration options (variables).

      You’re going to make a simple change to the dashboard-demo release to demonstrate the update and rollback process: you’ll update the name of the dashboard service to just kubernetes-dashboard, instead of dashboard-demo-kubernetes-dashboard.

      The kubernetes-dashboard chart provides a fullnameOverride configuration option to control the service name. To rename the release, run helm upgrade with this option set:

      • helm upgrade dashboard-demo stable/kubernetes-dashboard --set fullnameOverride="kubernetes-dashboard" --reuse-values

      By passing in the --reuse-values argument, you make sure that chart variables you’ve previously set do not get reset by the upgrade process.

      You’ll see output similar to the initial helm install step.

      Check if your Kubernetes services reflect the updated values:

      The output will look like the following:

      Output

      NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kubernetes ClusterIP 10.245.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 38m kubernetes-dashboard ClusterIP 10.245.49.157 <none> 443/TCP 8s

      Notice that the service name has been updated to the new value.

      Note: At this point you may want to actually load the Kubernetes Dashboard in your browser and check it out. To do so, first run the following command:

      This creates a proxy that lets you access remote cluster resources from your local computer. Based on the previous instructions, your dashboard service is named kubernetes-dashboard and it’s running in the default namespace. You may now access the dashboard at the following URL:

      http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:https/proxy/
      

      Instructions for actually using the dashboard are out of scope for this tutorial, but you can read the official Kubernetes Dashboard docs for more information.

      Next, you’ll have a look at Helm’s ability to roll back and delete releases.

      Step 4 — Rolling Back and Deleting a Release

      When you updated the dashboard-demo release in the previous step, you created a second revision of the release. Helm retains all the details of previous releases in case you need to roll back to a prior configuration or chart.

      Use helm list to inspect the release again:

      You’ll see the following output:

      Output

      NAME REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART NAMESPACE dashboard-demo 2 Wed Aug 8 20:13:15 2018 DEPLOYED kubernetes-dashboard-0.7.1 default

      The REVISION column tells you that this is now the second revision.

      Use helm rollback to roll back to the first revision:

      • helm rollback dashboard-demo 1

      You should see the following output, indicating that the rollback succeeded:

      Output

      Rollback was a success! Happy Helming!

      At this point, if you run kubectl get services again, you will notice that the service name has changed back to its previous value. Helm has re-deployed the application with revision 1’s configuration.

      Helm releases can be deleted with the helm delete command:

      • helm delete dashboard-demo

      The output will be:

      Output

      release "dashboard-demo" uninstalled

      You can try listing Helm releases:

      You’ll see that there are none:

      Output

      NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION

      Now the release has been truly deleted, and you can reuse the release name.

      Conclusion

      In this tutorial, you installed the helm command-line tool and explored installing, upgrading, rolling back, and deleting Helm charts and releases by managing the kubernetes-dashboard chart.

      For more information about Helm and Helm charts, please see the official Helm documentation.



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      How To Package and Publish a Snap Application on Ubuntu 18.04


      The author selected the Electronic Frontier Foundation to receive a donation as part of the Write for DOnations program.

      Introduction

      One of the largest challenges in application development is the final step of distributing the finished product to your users or customers. Many existing application deployment methodologies lack user-friendliness and security, or do not provide methods for automatically updating an application once it has been installed.

      Snap is a modern application packaging format with powerful sandboxing and security features, including file system isolation, automatic updates, and integrated dependency management. Snap applications, known as Snaps, can be downloaded and installed using a command-line program, much like apt or yum. Ubuntu comes with Snap pre-installed, meaning that there is a wide audience for Snap applications.

      In this tutorial, you will create a Snap application and publish it on the Snap Store.

      Prerequisites

      To complete this tutorial, you will need:

      • One Ubuntu 18.04 server set up by following the Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 18.04, including a sudo non-root user.

      • An application that you wish to package and release as a Snap. This may be a complex application that you created, a common open-source project, or a simple “Hello, world!” program. If you don’t already have an application, Step 1 of this tutorial will cover how you can create a Hello World program in Go.

      • An account on the Snapcraft Developer Dashboard.

      Once you have these ready, log in to your server as your non-root user to begin.

      Step 1 — Getting Your Application Ready for Packaging

      Firstly, you’ll prepare your application for packaging as a Snap application by ensuring that everything required is present in a single directory.

      Start by creating a new directory for your Snap and moving into it:

      • mkdir ~/your-snap
      • cd ~/your-snap

      Next, if you already have an application, put a complete copy of the source code for your application into the directory that you just created. The process here will vary significantly depending on the exact application that you’re packaging, however in the case that the source code is stored in a Git repository, you can git init a repository in the directory and pull down all of the relevant code.

      If you don’t yet have an application that you’d like to package, you may create a “Hello World” program to use instead. If you would like more context on writing this program with Go, check out the How to Write Your First Program in Go tutorial.

      You can do this by first creating a new Go file and opening it using your preferred text editor:

      Next, add the following code to the file:

      helloworld.go

      package main
      import "fmt"
      func main() {
        fmt.Println("Hello, world!")
      }
      

      Then save and exit the file.

      If you don’t have Go installed, you can install it using the following command:

      • sudo apt install golang-go

      Once Go is installed, you can run your new program to check that it is working:

      You’ll see the following output:

      Output

      Hello, world!

      You’ve prepared your application for packaging as a Snap. Next, you will install the software required to begin the packaging process.

      Step 2 — Installing Snapcraft

      In this step, you’ll download and install Snapcraft, which is the name of the official Snap application packaging tool. Snapcraft is available from the Snap Store, which is built into Ubuntu by default. This means that you can install Snapcraft from the command-line using the snap command.

      The snap command is equivalent to the apt command, but you can use it to install software from the Snap Store, rather than packages from the Apt repositories.

      In order to install Snapcraft, run the following command:

      • sudo snap install snapcraft --classic

      You use the --classic command argument so that Snapcraft installs without the strict sandboxing features that Snaps normally use. Snapcraft requires this argument as it needs more privileged access to your system to reliably package applications.

      Once you’ve installed Snapcraft, you’ll see the following:

      Output

      snapcraft 3.9.8 from Canonical✓ installed

      Finally, you can double-check the Snapcraft installation by running:

      This will display something similar to:

      Output

      snapcraft, version 3.9.8

      Now that you’ve installed Snapcraft, you can begin to define the configuration and metadata for your Snap application.

      In this step, you will begin to define the configuration, structure, and metadata for your Snap application.

      Begin by ensuring that you are still working in your Snap application directory:

      Next, create and edit the snapcraft.yaml file using your preferred text editor:

      You’ll use the snapcraft.yaml file to store all of the configuration for your Snap application, including the name, description, and version, as well as settings related to dependency management and sandboxing.

      Begin by defining the name, summary, description, and version number for your application:

      snapcraft.yaml

      name: your-snap
      summary: A summary of your application in 78 characters or less.
      description: |
        A detailed description of your application.
        The description can have multiple lines.
      version: '1.0'
      

      The name of your Snap needs to be unique if you wish to publish it on the Snap Store—search for other applications with the same name to make sure that it isn’t already taken.

      Next, you can define the command(s) that you wish to associate with your application. This will allow your Snap to be used directly from the Bash command-line as a normal command.

      Add the following to your snapcraft.yaml file:

      snapcraft.yaml

      . . .
      apps:
        your-snap-command:
          command: your-snap
      

      your-snap-command is the name of the command that you want to define. For example, you may wish to use the command helloworld to run your Hello World program.

      You use command: your-snap to tell Snapcraft what to do when the application command is run. In the case of the Hello World program, you would use the value helloworld to reference the helloworld.go file, which will allow Snapcraft to run your program successfully.

      This results in the following example configuration:

      snapcraft.yaml

      apps:
        helloworld:
          command: helloworld
      

      If the command name matches the Snap name exactly, you’ll be able to run it directly from the command-line. If the command does not match the Snap name, the command will be automatically prefixed with the name of the Snap. For example, helloworld.command1.

      Finally, you can define the parts that make up your Snap application. Snap applications are made up of multiple parts, which are all of the components that make up your application. In many cases, there is only one part, which is the application itself.

      Each part has an associated plugin. For example, for components of your application written in Ruby, the ruby plugin is used, and for components written in Go, the go plugin is used.

      You can use the Snapcraft list-plugins command to identify the correct plugin(s) for your application:

      This will output a list similar to the following:

      Output

      ant catkin-tools conda dump gradle make nil python rust autotools cmake crystal go kbuild maven nodejs qmake scons catkin colcon dotnet godeps kernel meson plainbox-provider ruby waf

      The most common plugins are those for common programming languages, such as Go, Rust, Ruby, or Python.

      Once you have identified the correct plugins for your application, you can begin to add the parts configuration to your snapcraft.yaml file:

      snapcraft.yaml

      . . .
      parts:
        your-snap:
          plugin: plugin-name
          source: .
      

      You use the source configuration parameter to specify the relative path to the source code for your application. Usually this will be the same directory as the snapcraft.yaml file itself, so the source value is a single dot (.).

      Note: If your application component has any dependencies that are required for either building or running it, you can specify these using the build-packages and stage-packages attributes. The specified dependency names will then be automatically fetched from the default package manager for your system.

      For example:

      snapcraft.yaml

      parts:
        your-snap:
        plugin: plugin-name
        source: .
        build-packages:
        - gcc
        - make
        stage-packages:
        - libcurl4
      

      Some Snapcraft plugins have their own specific options that may be required for your application, so it’s worthwhile reviewing the relevant manual pages for your plugin:

      • snapcraft help plugin-name

      In the case of Go applications, you would also specify the go-importpath. For the Hello World configuration, this results in the following example configuration:

      snapcraft.yaml

      parts:
        helloworld:
          plugin: go
          source: .
          go-importpath: helloworld
      

      You can leave your snapcraft.yaml file open to add further configuration in the next step.

      You’ve defined the base configuration for your Snap application. Next, you’ll configure the security and sandboxing aspects of your application.

      Step 4 — Securing Your Snap Application

      Snap applications are designed to run within a sandboxed environment, so in this step you’ll configure sandboxing for your Snap. Firstly, you’ll need to enable sandboxing for your application, known within Snapcraft as confinement.

      Add the following to your snapcraft.yaml file:

      snapcraft.yaml

      . . .
      confinement: strict
      

      This will enable sandboxing for your application, preventing it from accessing the internet, other running Snaps, or the host system itself. However, in most cases, applications do need to be able to communicate outside of their sandbox like when they need to access the internet or read/write to the file system.

      These permissions, known within Snapcraft as interfaces, can be granted to your Snap application using Plugs. Using Plugs, you can have fine-grain control over the sandboxing for your application, to give it the access that it requires and nothing more (principle of least privilege).

      The exact interfaces that are required will vary depending on your application. Some of the most common interfaces are:

      • audio-playback - Allows audio output/playing sounds.
      • audio-record - Allows audio input/recording.
      • camera - Allows access to connected webcams.
      • home - Allows access to non-hidden files within your home directory.
      • network - Allows access to the network/internet.
      • network-bind - Allows binding to ports to operate as a network service.
      • system-files - Allows access to the entire file system of the host machine.

      The full list of available interfaces can be found within the Snapcraft documentation under Supported Interfaces.

      Once you’ve identified all of the required interfaces for your application, you can begin to assign these to plugs within your snapcraft.yaml file.

      The following example configuration will allow the application to access the network and users’ home area:

      snapcraft.yaml

      . . .
      plugs:
        your-snap-home:
          interface: home
        your-snap-network:
          interface: network
      

      Save and exit your file.

      The name of the Plug should be a descriptive name to help users identify the purpose of the Plug.

      You’ve enabled sandboxing for your Snap and configured some Plugs to grant limited access to system resources. Next you’ll finish building your Snap app.

      Step 5 — Building and Testing Your Snap Application

      Now that you’ve written all of the required configuration for your Snap, you can proceed with building it and testing the Snap package locally.

      If you’ve been following along using a Hello World program as your application, your complete snapcraft.yaml file will now look similar to the following:

      snapcraft.yaml

      name: helloworld
      summary: A simple Hello World program.
      description: |
        A simple Hello World program written in Go.
        Packaged as a Snap application using Snapcraft.
      version: '1.0'
      confinement: strict
      
      apps:
        helloworld:
          command: helloworld
      
      parts:
        helloworld:
          plugin: go
          source: .
          go-importpath: helloworld
      
      plugs:
        helloworld-home:
          interface: home
        helloworld-network:
          interface: network
      

      In order to build your Snap application, run the snapcraft command from within the directory for your Snap:

      Snapcraft will then automatically launch a virtual machine (VM) and begin building your Snap. Once complete, Snapcraft will exit and you will see something similar to the following:

      Output

      Snapped your-snap_1.0_amd64.snap

      You can now install your Snap locally in order to check that it is working:

      • sudo snap install your-snap.snap --dangerous

      The --dangerous command argument is required as you are installing a local Snap that has not been signed.

      Output

      your-snap 1.0 installed

      Once the installation process is complete, you can then run your Snap using its associated command. For example:

      In the case of the example Hello World program, the following output would be:

      Output

      Hello, world!

      You can also view the sandboxing policy for your Snap to make sure that the assigned permissions have been properly granted:

      • snap connections your-snap

      This will output a list of Plugs and interfaces, similar to the following:

      Output

      snap connections your-snap Interface Plug Slot Notes home your-snap:your-snap-home :home - network your-snap:your-snap-network :network -

      In this step, you built your Snap and installed it locally to test that it is working. Next, you’ll publish your Snap on the Snap Store.

      Step 6 — Publishing Your Snap

      Now that you’ve built and tested your Snap application, it’s time to release it on the Snap Store.

      Begin by logging in to your Snap Developer account using the Snapcraft command-line application:

      Follow the prompts to enter your email address and password.

      Next, you need to register the name of the application on the Snap Store:

      • snapcraft register your-snap

      Once you’ve registered the Snap name, you can push the built Snap package to the store:

      • snapcraft push your-snap.snap

      You’ll see output similar to the following:

      Output

      Preparing to push 'your-snap_1.0_amd64.snap'. Install the review-tools from the Snap Store for enhanced checks before uploading this snap. Pushing 'your-snap_1.0_amd64.snap' [===================================================================================================] 100% Processing...| Ready to release! Revision 1 of 'your-snap' created.

      Each time you push to the Snap store, the revision number is incremented, starting at one. This is useful to help identify the various different builds of your Snap.

      Finally, you can release your Snap to the public:

      • snapcraft release your-snap revision-number channel

      If this is the first time you’ve pushed to the Snap Store, the revision number will be 1. You can also choose between releasing to the stable, candidate, beta, and edge channels, if you have multiple versions of your application at different stages of development.

      For example, the following command will release revision 1 of the Hello World Snap to the stable channel:

      • snapcraft release helloworld 1 stable

      You’ll see output similar to the following:

      Output

      Track Arch Channel Version Revision latest amd64 stable 1.0 1 candidate ^ ^ beta ^ ^ edge ^ ^ The 'stable' channel is now open.

      You can now search for your application on the Snap Store and install it on any of your devices.

      Snapcraft store with HelloWorld App displayed from search results

      In this final step, you uploaded your built Snap package to the Snap Store and released it to the public.

      Conclusion

      In this article you configured and built a Snap application, and then released it to the public via the Snap Store. You now have the foundational knowledge required to maintain your application and building new ones.

      If you wish to explore Snaps further, you may wish to browse the full Snap Store. You may also wish to review the Snapcraft YAML Reference to understand more about it and identify additional attributes for your Snap configuration.

      Finally, if you’d like to investigate Snap development further, you may enjoy reading about and implementing Snap Hooks, which allow Snaps to dynamically react to system changes such as upgrades or security policy adjustments.



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